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1.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 150(11): 1467-1476, nov. 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1442057

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The urea breath test (UBT-13C) is a non-invasive technique that allows the diagnosis and confirmation of eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. Aim: To evaluate H. pylori positivity and values of UBT-13C among infected Chilean children and adults, and to analyze its variation in relation to sex, nutritional status, and age of the patients. Material and Methods: Retrospective study of 1141 patients aged 6 to 94 years, with an indication for a UBT-13C either for diagnosis or for confirmation of eradication of H. pylori infection. 13C enrichment was measured using an infrared spectrometer calculating the delta 13C values before and after the ingestion of 13C marked urea. The clinical data of the patients were obtained at the time of the examination. Results: We included 241 children and 900 adults. Infected children obtained lower UBT-13C delta values than infected adults (16.1 ± 8.7 and 37 ± 52.9, respectively). The rates of infection were higher in males who were recruited for diagnosis. Significant differences were obtained between positivity for H. pylori in overweight and obese children but not adults. UBT-13C titers were significantly associated with the body mass index (BMI) only in adults. Conclusions: H. pylori infection rates are similar between sexes and are higher in children probably because of selection bias. In children, H. pylori positivity is associated with higher BMI and excess malnutrition although with similar UBT-13C values. In adults, H. pylori infection is not related with BMI, but a higher BMI impacts UBT-13C titers.


ANTECEDENTES: La prueba de aliento con urea (UBT-13C) es una técnica no invasiva que permite el diagnóstico y confirmación de erradicación de la infección por Helicobacter pylori. Objetivo: Evaluar los valores de UBT- 13C en niños y adultos chilenos infectados y analizar su variación en relación al sexo, diagnóstico nutricional y edad de los pacientes. Material y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de 1.141 pacientes de 6 a 94 años. El enriquecimiento de13C se midió usando un espectrómetro de infrarrojos, calculando el delta 13C antes y después de la ingesta de urea marcada con 13C. Los datos clínicos de los pacientes se obtuvieron al momento del examen. Resultados: Incluimos 241 niños y 900 adultos con valores delta de UBT-13C de 16,1 ± 8,7 frente a 37 ± 52,9, respectivamente. Las tasas de infección fueron mayores en los hombres reclutados para el diagnóstico. Se obtuvieron diferencias significativas entre la positividad para H. pylori en niños con sobrepeso y obesidad, pero no en adultos. Los títulos de UBT-13C se asociaron significativamente con el índice de masa corporal (IMC) solo en adultos. Conclusiones: Las tasas de infección por H. pylori son similares entre los sexos y aumentan en los niños probablemente debido al sesgo de selección. En niños, la positividad para H. pylori se asocia con un IMC más alto y malnutrición por exceso, aunque con valores similares de UBT-13C. En los adultos, la infección por H. pylori no se relaciona con el IMC ni con la obesidad, pero el aumento del IMC afecta los títulos de UBT-13C.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Helicobacter pylori , Helicobacter Infections/diagnosis , Pediatric Obesity , Urea , Breath Tests , Carbon Isotopes , Body Mass Index , Child , Retrospective Studies , Sensitivity and Specificity
2.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 91(5): 809-827, oct. 2020. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1144282

ABSTRACT

Resumen: Introducción: Las últimas guías clínicas conjuntas de NASPGHAN y ESPGHAN en relación a la infección por H. pylori publicadas el año 2016, contienen 20 afirmaciones que han sido cuestionadas en la práctica respecto a su aplicabilidad en Latinoamérica (LA); en particular en relación a la preven ción del cáncer gástrico. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis crítico de la literatura, con especial énfasis en datos de LA y se estableció el nivel de evidencia y nivel de recomendación de las afirmaciones mas controversiales de las Guías Conjuntas. Se realizaron 2 rondas de votación de acuerdo a la técnica Delfi de consenso y se utilizó escala de Likert (de 0 a 4) para establecer el "grado de acuerdo" entre un grupo de expertos de SLAGHNP. Resultados: Existen pocos estudios en relación a diagnóstico, efectividad de tratamiento y susceptibilidad a antibióticos de H. pylori en pacientes pediátricos de LA. En base a estos estudios, extrapolaciones de estudios de adultos y la experiencia clínica del panel de expertos participantes, se realizan las siguientes recomendaciones. Recomendamos la toma de biopsias para test rápido de ureasa e histología (y muestras para cultivo o técnicas moleculares, cuando estén disponibles) durante la endoscopia digestiva alta sólo si en caso de confirmar la infección por H. pylori, se indicará tratamiento de erradicación. Recomendamos que centros regionales seleccio nados realicen estudios de sensibilidad/resistencia antimicrobiana para H. pylori y así actúen como centros de referencia para toda LA. En caso de falla de erradicación de H. pylori con tratamiento de primera línea, recomendamos tratamiento empírico con terapia cuádruple con inhibidor de bomba de protones, amoxicilina, metronidazol y bismuto por 14 días. En caso de falla de erradicación con el esquema de segunda línea, se recomienda indicar un tratamiento individualizado considerando la edad del paciente, el esquema indicado previamente y la sensibilidad antibiótica de la cepa, lo que implica realizar una nueva endoscopía con extracción de muestra para cultivo y antibiograma o es tudio molecular de resistencia. En niños sintomáticos referidos a endoscopía que tengan antecedente de familiar de primer o segundo grado con cáncer gástrico, se recomienda considerar la búsqueda de H. pylori mediante técnica directa durante la endoscopia (y erradicarlo cuando es detectado). Con clusiones: La evidencia apoya mayoritariamente los conceptos generales de las Guías NASPGHAN/ ESPGHAN 2016, pero es necesario adaptarlas a la realidad de LA, con énfasis en el desarrollo de centros regionales para el estudio de sensibilidad a antibióticos y mejorar la correcta selección del tratamiento de erradicación. En niños sintomáticos con antecedente familiar de primer o segundo grado de cáncer gástrico, se debe considerar la búsqueda y erradicación de H. pylori.


Abstract: Introduction: The latest joint H. pylori NASPGHAN and ESPGHAN clinical guidelines published in 2016, contain 20 statements that have been questioned in practice regarding their applicability in Latin America (LA); in particular in relation to gastric cancer prevention. Methods: We conduc ted a critical analysis of the literature, with special emphasis on LA data and established the level of evidence and level of recommendation of the most controversial claims in the Joint Guidelines. Two rounds of voting were conducted according to the Delphi consensus technique and a Likert scale (from 0 to 4) was used to establish the "degree of agreement" among a panel of SLAGHNP ex perts. Results: There are few studies regarding diagnosis, treatment effectiveness and susceptibility to antibiotics of H. pylori in pediatric patients of LA. Based on these studies, extrapolations from adult studies, and the clinical experience of the participating expert panel, the following recom mendations are made. We recommend taking biopsies for rapid urease and histology testing (and samples for culture or molecular techniques, when available) during upper endoscopy only if in case of confirmed H. pylori infection, eradication treatment will be indicated. We recommend that selected regional centers conduct antimicrobial sensitivity/resistance studies for H. pylori and thus act as reference centers for all LA. In case of failure to eradicate H. pylori with first-line treatment, we recommend empirical treatment with quadruple therapy with proton pump inhibitor, amoxi cillin, metronidazole, and bismuth for 14 days. In case of eradication failure with the second line scheme, it is recommended to indicate an individualized treatment considering the age of the pa tient, the previously indicated scheme and the antibiotic sensitivity of the strain, which implies performing a new endoscopy with sample extraction for culture and antibiogram or molecular resistance study. In symptomatic children referred to endoscopy who have a history of first or se cond degree family members with gastric cancer, it is recommended to consider the search for H. pylori by direct technique during endoscopy (and eradicate it when detected). Conclusions: The evidence supports most of the general concepts of the NASPGHAN/ESPGHAN 2016 Guidelines, but it is necessary to adapt them to the reality of LA, with emphasis on the development of regional centers for the study of antibiotic sensitivity and to improve the correct selection of the eradication treatment. In symptomatic children with a family history of first or second degree gastric cancer, the search for and eradication of H. pylori should be considered.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Endoscopy, Digestive System/standards , Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification , Helicobacter Infections/diagnosis , Helicobacter Infections/pathology , Helicobacter Infections/prevention & control , Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy , Proton Pump Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Pediatrics/methods , Pediatrics/standards , Stomach/pathology , Stomach/diagnostic imaging , Biopsy , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/standards , Endoscopy, Digestive System/methods , Delphi Technique , Treatment Outcome , Drug Therapy, Combination , Latin America
6.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 89(5): 630-637, oct. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-978135

ABSTRACT

Resumen: Introducción: La proctocolitis alérgica inducida por proteína alimentaria (PCA) es la forma más fre cuente de alergia alimentaria no mediada por IgE. El diagnóstico se realiza por prueba de provocación oral, sin embargo, no existe una prueba diagnóstica no invasiva para su diagnóstico. Frecuentemente en Chile se utiliza la prueba de hemorragia oculta fecal (PHOF) para confirmar PCA, pero no hay estudios que respalden su indicación. Objetivo: Determinar la validez diagnóstica de la PHOF en la evaluación de lactantes con PCA. Pacientes y Método: Estudio de casos y controles con recluta miento prospectivo de lactantes con rectorragia y sospecha de PCA y lactantes sanos, en quienes se realizó una PHOF. Se indicó dieta de exclusión a los casos y luego se confirmó diagnóstico de PCA mediante contraprueba. Resultados: Se incluyó a 25 casos y 29 controles sin diferencias signi ficativas en edad, sexo, tipo de parto, alimentación o edad materna. Los casos presentaron con mayor frecuencia comorbilidades alérgicas, uso de medicamentos y antecedentes familiares de alergia. La PHOF fue positiva en 84% de casos y en 34% de controles (p<0,001). La sensibilidad de la PHOF para diagnosticar PCA fue 84%, especificidad 66%, valor predictivo positivo 68% y valor predictivo nega tivo 83%. El área bajo la curva ROC fue de 0,75 (IC 95% 0,61-0,88). Conclusiones: Si bien la PHOF tiene sensibilidad adecuada para detectar PCA en lactantes con rectorragia, resulta alterada en más de un tercio de lactantes sanos por lo que no se recomienda su uso habitual para el diagnóstico de PCA.


Abstract: Introduction: Food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis (FPIAP) is the most frequent presenta tion of non-IgE mediated food allergy (FA). The diagnosis is made by oral food challenge, however, non-invasive diagnostic tests are not available. In Chile, the fecal occult blood test (FOBT) is fre quently used to confirm FPIAP, however, there are no studies that support this practice. Objective: To establish the diagnostic validity of FOBT in the evaluation of infants with FPIAP. Patients and Method: Case-control study with prospective recruitment of infants with rectal bleeding and suspicion of FPIAP, and controls were healthy infants, in whom the FOBT was conducted. All cases underwent an elimination diet, after which the diagnosis of FPIAP was confirmed by oral food cha llenge. Results: 25 cases and 29 controls were included without significant differences in age, gen der, type of delivery, feeding, and maternal age. The cases had higher rates of allergic comorbidities, medication use, and family history of allergy. The FOBT was positive in 84% of cases and in 34% of controls (p < 0.001). The sensitivity of the FOBT for the diagnosis of FPIAP was 84%, specificity was 66%, positive predictive value 68%, and the negative predictive value 83%. The area under the ROC curve was 0.75 (CI 95% 0.61-0.88). Conclusions: Although the FOBT has an adequate sensitivity to diagnose FPIAP in infants with rectal bleeding, this test had abnormal results in more than a third of healthy infants. Therefore, the routine use of FOBT is not recommended for the diagnosis of FPIAP.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Proctocolitis/etiology , Food Hypersensitivity/blood , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/etiology , Occult Blood , Case-Control Studies , Prospective Studies , Sensitivity and Specificity , Food Hypersensitivity/complications
7.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 87(6): 474-479, Dec. 2016. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-844568

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La infección por H. pylori se adquiere tempranamente en la infancia. Sin embargo, existe escasa información acerca del rol de la lactancia materna y la adquisición de la bacteria en la etapa neonatal/lactante. Objetivo: Evaluar algunos factores que afectan la adquisición de H. pylori en recién nacidos y lactantes hijos de madres infectadas. Pacientes y método: Reclutamiento consecutivo de binomios madre-hijo en maternidad, inmediatamente posparto. Luego de la firma de consentimiento informado, se obtuvo una muestra de deposición de la madre, previo al alta. Posteriormente se obtuvieron 3 muestras de deposición de los recién nacidos/lactantes a los 15, 60 y 90 días de vida, para la detección de antígeno en deposición de H. pylori (HpSAg monoclonal, sensibilidad 94% y especificidad 97%). Además se registraron variables socio-epidemiológicas y biomédicas. Resultados: Se reclutaron 32 binomios madre-hijo, 64 sujetos. Promedio de edad materna de 30,1 ± 5,1 años, 53% parto eutócico, 85% con lactancia materna exclusiva al final del seguimiento. Se encontró 13 madres (40%) infectadas por H. pylori. No hubo infección por H. pylori en los recién nacidos y lactantes a los 3 meses de seguimiento. No hubo diferencia significativa en el nivel socioeconómico entre madres infectadas versus no infectadas (ambos grupos en nivel socioeconómico muy alto: 28% y 32% respectivamente, p = 0,15), ni en el número de habitantes por domicilio entre madres infectadas y no infectadas (3,8 ± 0,8 vs 4,2 ± 1,8 personas, p = 0,18). Conclusión: A pesar de tener un alto porcentaje de madres infectadas por H. pylori, no hubo recién nacidos/lactantes infectados al tercer mes de vida. El rol protector de la lactancia maternal no se puede descartar.


Introduction: H. pylori infection is acquired early in childhood. However, there is little information available regarding the role of breastfeeding and neonatal acquisition of the infection. Objective: To evaluate factors affecting the acquisition of H. pylori in newborns and infants from infected mothers. Patients and method: Consecutive mothers and their newborns were recruited into the study from the maternity unit, immediately after delivery. After signing informed consent, one stool sample from the mother was obtained before hospital discharge. Three stool samples of the newborns were then collected at home at 15, 60, and 90 days of life, for the detection of H. pylori antigen (Monoclonal HpSAg, sensitivity 94% and specificity 97%). The socio-epidemiological and biomedical variables were also analysed using a questionnaire. Results: A total of 32 mother-child pairs (64 subjects) were enrolled. The mean maternal age was 30.1 ± 5.1 years, with 53% vaginal delivery, and 85% exclusively breastfed. There were 13 (40%) infected mothers. No H. pylori infection was detected in newborns and infants up to 3 months of follow-up. No significant differences were found in socioeconomic level between infected versus non-infected mothers (both groups mostly in the very high socioeconomic category: 28% and 32%, respectively, P = .15) and in the number of family members between infected versus non-infected mothers (3.8 ± 0.8 vs 4.2 ± 1.8 persons, P = .18). Conclusion: Despite having a significant percentage of H. pylori-infected mothers, no newborn was infected at the third month of life. The protective role of breastfeeding cannot be ruled out.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Adult , Breast Feeding , Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification , Helicobacter Infections/prevention & control , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control , Socioeconomic Factors , Time Factors , Surveys and Questionnaires , Follow-Up Studies , Helicobacter Infections/transmission , Helicobacter Infections/epidemiology , Sensitivity and Specificity
10.
ARS med. (Santiago, En línea) ; 41(1): 35-43, 2016. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1015654

ABSTRACT

Durante la última década, con la aparición de técnicas de secuenciación de última generación basadas en la filogenia del gen ARN ribosomal 16S y complejas plataformas bioinformáticas, la composición del microbioma y su rol en salud y enfermedad ha sido sujeto de investigación activa. Existe una evidencia creciente que relaciona la disbiosis microbiana y un aumento del riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades de tipo inflamatorio, autoinmune, y metabólico tales como asma, diabetes, obesidad y enfermedades gastrointestinales crónicas. El ensamblaje de la microbiota intestinal en los humanos comienza antes y durante el proceso de parto y evoluciona con la alimentación durante la infancia y debe ser entendido en profunda relación con el microbioma de su madre. La comprensión del impacto de la microbiota en la morbilidad en seres humanos necesariamente requiere de una etapa previa como es el conocimiento del desarrollo y ensamblaje precoz de la microbiota en recién nacidos, y como las intervenciones médicas como la elección en la ruta de parto (parto cesárea versus parto vaginal), uso precoz de antibióticos, selección de fórmula láctea (lactancia materna versus fórmulas artificiales), entre otros, pueden modificar en forma sustancial su conformación y a través de cambios en el desarrollo del sistema inmune, ejercer un impacto en salud y enfermedad en neonatos, lactantes y posteriormente a lo largo de la vida de un ser humano.(AU)


In the last years, with the development of massive last generation sequencing techniques based on the phylogeny of 16S rRNA gene and complex bioinformatics platforms, the composition of the human microbiome and its role in health and disease has been an active subject of research. There is growing evidence that associate the intestinal disbiosis with an increase risk to develop chronic inflammatory, autoimmune, and metabolic diseases such as asthma, diabetes, obesity and chronic gastrointestinal conditions. The assembly of the intestinal microbiome in human begins before and during the birth process, progressing with the feeding duringm infancy and it must be understood in a close relationship with the microbiome of their mothers. The comprehension of the impact of microbiome in human morbidity will require of a previous stage, the knowledge of the development and early assembly of the microbiome in newborns, and to understand how early medical intervention such as delivery route (C-section versus vaginal delivery), early use and abuse of antibiotics, selection of formula patterns (human milk versus formula bottle milk) among others, may substantially modify the microbiome conformation and to have a profound impact in the development of the immune system, affecting later in life the development of disease in neonates, infants and adults.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Microbiota , Infant , Health , Dysbiosis , Environmental Chemistry
11.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 85(6): 666-673, dic. 2014. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-734807

ABSTRACT

The most common presentation of cow's milk protein allergy (CMP) in infants is known as eosinophilic colitis (EC). The aim of this study is to evaluate EC characteristics in infants evaluated with colonoscopy due to the presence of rectorrhagia. Patients and Methods: A retrospective case-control study. Left-sided colonoscopy records of infants with persistent rectal bleeding, conducted between January 2006 and March 2011, were reviewed. The cases corresponded to infants with rectal biopsy compatible with EC and controls with negative biopsy. Telephone questionnaires to parents were conducted, evaluating personal and family history. Results: Complete records were obtained in 61 (79%) of the 77 procedures. 33 (54%) of them were males. Examination average age was 6.3 ± 5.9 months. 25 (41%) patients had EC on their histology. Between cases and controls, no significant difference in gestational age, birth weight and gender, only regarding age at the time of rectal bleeding, were observed. There was also no difference in personal history regarding obstructive bronchitis, allergic rhinitis, family history of asthma, allergic rhinitis or other food allergies. Those who received artificial feeding did not presented greater risk of EC. The most common symptoms in the cases did not differ significantly from the controls. Conclusions: The prevalence of EC in the children studied was 40.9%. Our results show that there are groups of patients with persistent rectal bleeding in which there is no personal or family history that helps diagnosing EC. An endoscopic study could be considered in these patients to establish a correct diagnosis of this condition, avoid unnecessary diets and not to delay the detection of other diseases.


En lactantes, la forma de presentación más común de la alergia a la proteína de la leche de vaca (PLV) es la colitis eosinofílica (CE). El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar características clínicas asociadas a CE en lactantes evaluados con colonoscopía por la presencia de rectorragia. Pacientes y Método: Estudio caso-control, retrospectivo. Se revisaron registros de colonoscopía izquierda de lactantes con rectorragia persistente, realizadas entre Enero 2006 y Marzo 2011. Casos fueron lactantes con rectorragia y biopsia compatible con CE y controles aquellos con biopsia negativa. Se realizó un cuestionario vía telefónica a los padres, evaluándose antecedentes personales y familiares. Resultados: En 61 (79%) de 77 procedimientos se obtuvo registros completos. 33 (54%) eran hombres. Edad promedio del examen fue 6,3 ± 5,9 meses. 25 (41%) pacientes presentaron CE en la histología. Sin diferencia significativa en edad gestacional, peso de nacimiento ni sexo, pero si en edad de presentación de la rectorragia, entre casos y controles. Tampoco hubo diferencia en antecedentes personales de bronquitis obstructivas, rinitis alérgica, ni antecedentes familiares de asma, rinitis alérgica u otras alergias alimentarias. Quienes recibieron lactancia artificial no tuvieron mayor riesgo de CE. Los síntomas más frecuentes en los casos no se diferenciaron significativamente de los controles. Conclusión: La prevalencia de CE en los niños estudiados fue de 40,9%. Nuestros resultados muestran que hay grupos de pacientes con rectorragia persistente en los cuales no existen antecedentes de la historia familiar ni personal que permitan establecer el diagnóstico de CE. Es en estos pacientes en los cuales podría considerarse el estudio endoscópico para establecer un correcto diagnóstico de esta patología, evitar dietas innecesarias y no retrasar la detección de otras enfermedades.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Colitis/etiology , Eosinophilia/etiology , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/etiology , Milk Hypersensitivity/complications , Case-Control Studies , Colonoscopy/methods , Eosinophilia/immunology , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/immunology , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/pathology , Milk Hypersensitivity/diagnosis , Milk Proteins/adverse effects , Milk Proteins/immunology , Retrospective Studies , Rectal Diseases/etiology , Rectal Diseases/immunology , Rectal Diseases/pathology
12.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 142(1): 109-113, ene. 2014. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-708858

ABSTRACT

Crigler-Najjar Syndrome is an uncommon genetic disorder characterized by the elevation of unconjugated plasmatic bilirubin secondary to deficiency of the enzyme uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase (UDP-GT). We report a 19-years-old woman with the syndrome diagnosed during the neonatal period, when she developed a severe jaundice in the first 10 days of life, reaching unconjugated bilirubin levels of 29 mg/dl, with normal liver function tests. After transient response to phototherapy, the patient was referred to a tertiary medical center in which an extensive work up ruled out other etiologies and the diagnosis of type I Crigler-Najjar syndrome was established. Currently, the patient has a mild mental retardation. She is receiving homemade phototherapy 18 h per day with acceptable control of bilirubin levels. Many mutations have been associated with UDP-GT dysfunction resulting in a broad spectrum of the disease. When bilirubin rises above physiological limits, it permeates the hematoencephalic barrier, inducing bilirubin impregnation of basal ganglia with secondary neuronal damage and necrosis. The worst outcome, kernicterus, is characterized by mental retardation, central deafness, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, athetosis, spasticity, seizures and death. First line therapy includes phototherapy, but definitive therapy is liver transplantation before the occurrence of neurological damage.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Young Adult , Crigler-Najjar Syndrome/diagnosis , Crigler-Najjar Syndrome/therapy , Follow-Up Studies , Phototherapy
13.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 141(10): 1249-1254, oct. 2013. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-701732

ABSTRACT

Background: A 73% prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection was estimated in adults in the 2003 Chilean National Health Survey. However, this infection is usually acquired during childhood. Aim: To determine the frequency of H. pylori infection in healthy Chilean children from a school in Santiago. Material and Methods: A cross sectional study in a private/ subsidized school in Santiago. Children aged less than 18 years were invited to participate. The parents of those who accepted answered a demographic survey and a stool sample was obtained from participants to detect H. pylori antigen using a monoclonal antibody ELISA kit. Results: We studied 144 students aged 10.6 ± 3.1 years (54% females). Twenty six participants (18.1%, 95% CI: 12.4-24.9%) had a positive test. Children from higher socioeconomic levels had a non-significant lower frequency of infection. No differences in the frequency of infection were observed by age, gender, household type or number of people living in it or history of breastfeeding. Conclusions: In this sample of children, an 18.1% frequency of H. pylori infection was observed.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Helicobacter Infections/epidemiology , Helicobacter pylori , Private Sector/statistics & numerical data , Schools/statistics & numerical data , Age Distribution , Chile/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Helicobacter Infections/diagnosis , Prevalence , Surveys and Questionnaires , Socioeconomic Factors
14.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 140(7): 896-901, jul. 2012. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-656361

ABSTRACT

Background: There is a high prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) among pediatric patients. The identification of clinical predictors of these conditions would allow a timely treatment. Aim: To evaluate the relationship between serum alanine aminotransferase levels and parameters of metabolic syndrome in asymptomatic school students without hepatic illness. Subjects and Methods: A randomized sample of 175 children aged between 9 and 14 years (54% females) was selected, from a database of 3010 students living in Santiago, Chile. Weight, height, abdominal circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured. A fasting blood sample was obtained to measure glucose, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and insulin levels. Results: Forty percent of participants were obese, 17% had metabolic syndrome and 13.1% had abnormal ALT levels. Compared with children with normal ALT levels, the latter had significantly higher waist obesity, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and triglycerides. However on multiva-riate analysis, only waist obesity was independently associated with abnormal ALT levels (adjusted odds ratio 3.93, 95% confidence intervals 1.44-10.78, p = 0.008). Conclusions: Only waist obesity was independently associated with abnormal ALT levels in this sample of children.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Alanine Transaminase/blood , Fatty Liver/epidemiology , Metabolic Syndrome/blood , Biomarkers/blood , Blood Pressure , Body Mass Index , Chile/epidemiology , Obesity, Abdominal/epidemiology , Waist Circumference
17.
Gastroenterol. latinoam ; 21(2): 332-335, abr.-jun. 2010.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-570037

ABSTRACT

Helicobacter pylori, es una bacteria Gram negativa que coloniza la mucosa gástrica y contribuye al desarrollo de patologías como la gastritis crónica, úlceras duodenales y en menor medida cáncer gástrico. Si bien la infección por H. pylori por sí sola es capaz de producir daño al epitelio gástrico a través de la expresión de numerosos factores de virulencia, es la respuesta inmune local la mayor responsable de la patogenia de las enfermedades asociadas a dicha infección. La clásica dicotomía en la respuesta T helper tipo 1 vs tipo 2 para explicar el daño asociado a la bacteria, ha dado paso a un escenario más complejo con la reciente descripción de las células T regulatorias y la existencia de nuevos perfiles de respuesta T helper como Th 17. El delicado equilibrio entre virulencia y respuesta infl amatoria inmune es principalmente regulado por la intensidad de la respuesta T regulatoria, cuya supresión permite la expresión de una respuesta efectora potencialmente responsable del daño final.


Helicobacter pylori a Gram negative bacterium that colonizes gastric mucosa and that has been associated to different disease such as chronic gastritis, duodenal ulcers and gastric cancer. Although the infection by itself is able to produce damage to the gastric mucosa through the expression and interaction of well-known virulence factors, the immune local response is strongly involved in the pathogenesis of H. pylori-associated diseases. The classic dichotomy T helper type 1 vs type 2 response to explain the damage associated to the bacterium, has been reevaluated in a more complex scenario with the recent description of the T regulatory response and the new patterns of T helper response such as Th17. The extremely well balanced equilibrium between virulence and immune inflammatory response is mainly regulated by the intensity of the T regulatory response; its suppression would allow the expression of different T helper responses that account for the final damage and clinical outcomes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Helicobacter pylori/immunology , Helicobacter Infections/immunology , T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology , Autoimmunity , Gastric Mucosa/immunology , Gastric Mucosa/microbiology
18.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 80(3): 231-237, jun. 2009. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-547840

ABSTRACT

Aim of this study: To evaluate the role of anorectal manometry (ARM) and determine normal ARM's parameters in a group of children referred for evaluation of defecation disorders. Patients and Methods: A retrospective review of pediatric ARMs performed over an 8-year period. Results: Records from 789 children (52.6 percent male) were reviewed. Patients were classified in four groups according to the main ARM's findings in: "Control group" (CL), "Probable megarectum group" (PMG), "Abnormalities of intrinsic innervation group" (All) and "Abnormalities of extrinsic innervation group" (AET). 79 percent of them had been referred for evaluation of chronic constipation and 10 percent because of suspicion of abnormalities of intrinsic innervation. In 94 and 83 percent of them respectively, the ARM ruled out organic causes. ARM's findings distribution was: CL (48.0 percent), PMG (42.6 percent), All (7.5 percent) and AEI (1.5 percent). CL and PMG showed age-dependent differences in manometric parameters. Differences in manometric parameters between CL, PMG, API and AEI were found. Conclusions: Four distinctive patterns were described in 789 patients referred for evaluation of their presumed defecation disorder. The main indication of ARM was study of chronic constipation, where organic problems were confirmed only in a few of them.


Propósito del estudio: Evaluar el rol de la manometría rectoanal (MRA) y establecer valores de normalidad en un grupo de niños referidos por desórdenes de defecación. Pacientes y Métodos: Revisión retrospectiva de MRA efectuadas durante un período de 8 años. Resultados: Se analizaron los resultados obtenidos de 789 niños (52,6 por ciento hombres). Éstos se clasificaron en cuatro grupos según resultado de la MRA como "Grupo control" (CL), "Grupo con probable megarrecto" (PMG), "Grupo con anormalidades de la inervación intrínseca" (All) y "Grupo con anormalidades de la inervación extrínseca" (ALE). Setenta y nueve por ciento de los pacientes fueron referidos para evaluación de constipación crónica y 10 por ciento por sospecha de anormalidades de inervación intrínseca; en 94 por ciento y 83 por ciento de ellos respectivamente, la MRA descartó causas orgánicas. Los niños se distribuyeron en: CL (48,0 por ciento), PMG (42,6 por ciento), All (7,5 por ciento) y AIE (1,5 por ciento). El grupo CL y PMG mostraron diferencias edad-dependiente en algunos parámetros manométricos. Además se encontró diferencias en parámetros manométricos entre CL, PMG, All y AIE. Conclusiones: La principal indicación de MRA fue para estudio de constipación crónica, siendo las alteraciones orgánicas confirmadas sólo en un bajo porcentaje. Se describió cuatro patrones diferentes en 789 pacientes referidos para evaluación de dificultades en la defecación.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Constipation/diagnosis , Constipation/physiopathology , Manometry/methods , Defecation , Reference Values , Retrospective Studies
19.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 137(5): 666-671, mayo 2009. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-521869

ABSTRACT

Eosinophilic esophagitis in adults (EE) is a disease of unknown cause, characterized by symptoms such as reflux and dysphagia that traditionally do not respond to antacid treatment. It affects mostly young men with a strong personal or familial history of a topy asthma and allergies. We repot three male patients aged 10, 14 and 15years, all with symptoms of dysphagia, two of them with chest pain caused by spasm of the esophagus, with heterogeneous endoscopic findings which included from leucoplakia to stenosis that needed endoscopic dilatation. All of them had abnormal findings in immunity studies (prick test or IgE levels). They received treatment based on diet measures, acid suppression and leukotriene inhibitors, with satisfactory clinical, endoscopic and histological response. EE should be suspected in children and adults with esophageal symptoms and personal or family history of allergy and asthma.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Humans , Male , Eosinophilia/pathology , Esophagitis/pathology , /therapeutic use , Acetates/therapeutic use , Eosinophilia/drug therapy , Esophagitis/drug therapy , Esophagoscopy , Omeprazole/therapeutic use , Quinolines/therapeutic use
20.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 80(2): 121-128, abr. 2009. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-545901

ABSTRACT

Background: The double-blind food challenge is the gold standard for diagnosis of food allergy, even though it is difficult to standardize and execute. An increase in allergy prevalence worldwide accentuates the importance of evaluating food allergy markers, in order to help the diagnosis. Objective: Elaboration of an operational definition for food hypersensitivity (FH) and evaluate the role of allergy markers, endoscopic and histological findings, gastric mucosa cytokines and personal/family history of allergy in children. Method: Enrollment of children with suspected peptic disease referred for endoscopy. We obtained antral biopsies for histological evaluation (eosinophil and mast cell count) and measurement of mucosal cytokines through an ELISA test. Patients were evaluated with Prick test, total serum IgE and clinical questionnaires for allergies. They were divided into two groups; children with and without food hypersensitivity. Results: 97 children were enrolled (mean: 11.7 +/- 3, range 3-18). 4 percent of children had FH. The endoscopic findings did not correlate with the presence of FH. 74.1 percent of patients without FH had eosinophils in the gastric mucosa compared to groups with FH which had 100 percent) (p < 0.05). Only IL-2 among the evaluated cytokines was found in a greater concentration in patients without FH. 33 percent> of patients considered themselves having history of personal allergies versus 11.8 percent of people without FH (p < 0.05). Conclusions: 12,4 percent of children with digestive symptoms referred to endoscopy have FH. There are no clinical, endoscopic or histological differences between patients with or without FH.


Introducción: El diagnóstico de alergia a alimentos se fundamenta en la prueba de provocación oral doble ciego, de difícil estandarización y ejecución. El aumento de la prevalencia de alergia hace necesario la evaluación de marcadores de alergia a alimentos para facilitar el diagnóstico. Objetivo: Evaluar en niños, a partir de una definición operacional de hipersensibilidad a alimentos (HA), el rol de algunos marcadores de hipersensibilidad, hallazgos endoscópicos e histológicos, citoquinas de mucosa gástrica, y antecedentes personales y familiares de alergia. Métodos: Se enrolaron niños referidos a endoscopia por sospecha de enfermedad péptica. Se obtuvieron biopsias antrales para evaluación histológica (incluyendo eosinófilos y mastocitos) y citoquinas mediante ELISA. Se les realizó test cutáneo (TC), IgE total sérica y cuestionarios clínicos de alergia. Se dividió en 2 grupos, niños con y sin HA según criterio establecido. Resultados: Se reclutaron 97 niños (promedio: 11,7 +/- 3 años, rango 3 a 18). Un 12,4 por ciento de los niños presentó HA. Los hallazgos endoscópicos no se relacionaron con la presencia de HA. Un 74,1 por ciento de los pacientes sin HA presentó eosinófilos en la mucosa gástrica comparado con un 100 por ciento en el grupo con HA (p < 0,05). Sólo IL-2 se encontró en mayor concentración en pacientes sin HA. Un 33,3 por ciento de la población con HA consideró tener antecedentes personales de AA versus un 11,8 por ciento de los sin HA (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: La HA en niños referidos a endoscopia por síntomas digestivos está presente en un 12,4 por ciento, sin elementos clínicos, endoscópicos o histológicos que los diferencien de niños sin HA.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Child, Preschool , Child , Food Hypersensitivity/diagnosis , Food Hypersensitivity/immunology , Food Hypersensitivity/pathology , Allergens , Cytokines/immunology , Endoscopy, Digestive System , Eosinophils , Immunoglobulin E , Biomarkers , Gastric Mucosa/immunology , Gastric Mucosa/pathology , Prospective Studies , Skin Tests
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